All over Europe, nature is making a comeback. As more people move to cities and other land use changes occur, the EU’s forest area is increasing, having grown almost by 10% (14 million hectares) between 1990 and 2020. On top of that, a total of 10-29 million hectares of agricultural land are likely to be abandoned between 2000 and 2030. This leaves potential for native flora, fauna and complex ecosystems to reclaim space, bringing natural ‘rewilding’ to the center of Europe’s environmental policy discussions.
Understanding how rewilding can contribute to solving the climate and biodiversity crises is crucial for the successful implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy, the EU Nature Restoration Law, and the EU Green Deal - a mission to be tackled by the new Horizon Europe project WILDCARD. Starting in January 2024, the project is, for the first time, systematically assessing the impacts of two major rewilding approaches on carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation at the European scale. Currently, a lack of comprehensive research on the topic prevents rewilding from being fully integrated into Europe’s strategy to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
Running until 2027 with an EU budget of 8.9 million and a Swiss contribution of €1.2 million, WILDCARD combines field observations, remote sensing (e.g. Lidar data) and computer simulations of shifts in vegetation cover with economic, societal, and political analyses. The goal is to identify hotspots of rewilding in future climate and land use scenarios, as well as their overall impact at multiple time scales. WILDCARD mainly focuses on two aspects of rewilding: proforestation (halting forest management to allow for spontaneous forest development) and natural rewilding following agricultural land abandonment. Both are low-cost approaches that let nature do the job of restoring ecosystems.
With an interdisciplinary approach and cross-country collaboration between 16 partners, the project will investigate regulatory, cultural and economic barriers to rewilding, while also identifying social innovation mechanisms, models and incentives to foster its adoption and social acceptability. The research will not be limited to the bright side of rewilding but also seek to identify trade-offs, such as the possibility of increased forest fires due to the abandonment of forest management in dry regions of Europe. Locations with the highest rewilding potential and relatively small trade-offs will be prioritised for policy recommendations.
Some of the main results expected from WILDCARD are a set of recommendations for policy-makers, a ‘Rewilding Forum’ bringing together interested stakeholders all over Europe, a podcast series, as well as an ample variety of open-access scientific outputs allowing further research on the topic. These include refined datasets on carbon stock and biodiversity changes following rewilding; an assessment of rewilding benefits and trade-offs (open-access models for scenario simulation); European-wide maps on locations of potential rewilding and its impacts, and much more.
Funded by the European Union’s Horizon Europe programme under Grant Agreement No. 101081177, the project is coordinated by the University of Udine, in Italy, and implemented in collaboration with the following partners:
- Technical University of Munich (Germany)
- European Forest Institute (Finland)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (Netherlands)
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria)
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO)
- Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava (Romania)
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Horticulture (Czech Republic)
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (Germany)
- Prospex Institute (Belgium)
- Wageningen University & Research (Netherlands)
- Northwest German Forest Research Institute (Germany)
- University of Turin (Italy)
- University of Padua (Italy)
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice (Czech Republic)
- ETH Zürich (Switzerland)
More information on the WILDCARD website: https://wildcard-project.eu/
EFI leads the dissemination and communication task in WildCard. Our Resilience team in Bonn contributes to projecting potential biodiversity effects of rewilding using Species Distribution Modelling, range-shifts due to climate change, and analysis of connectivity between protected areas as a means of assessing passive colonization/expansion of species, especially those of conservation concern. EFI's Governance team will contribute to assessing the perception and acceptability of citizens and stakeholders on rewilding options, and to identifying community-based mechanisms of social innovation and social acceptability in rewilding and rewilded areas with specific focus on wildfire risks. Finally, EFI will also lead the synthesis of findings and draw implications and recommendations for policy and resource use planning with participatory stakeholder engagement.
