In this article, the authors estimated the effects of Peru’s oldest watershed payments for environmental services (PES) initiative in Moyobamba (Andes–Amazon transition zone) and disentangle the complex intervention into its two main forest conservation treatments. First, a state-managed protected area (PA) was established, allowing sustainable use but drastically limiting de facto land use and land rights of households in the upper watershed through command-and-control interventions. Second, a subset of those environmentally regulated households also received incentives: PES-like voluntary contracts with conditional in-kind rewards, combined with access to participation in sustainable income-generating activities of the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) type.
To evaluate impacts, the researchers performed matching procedures and adjustment regressions to obtain the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) of each intervention. They investigated impacts on plot-level forest cover and household welfare for the period 2010–2016. The authors found that both treatments—command-and-control restrictions and the incentive package—modestly but significantly mitigated primary forest loss. Incentive-induced conservation gains came at elevated per-hectare implementation costs. They also found positive effects on incentive-treated households’ incomes and assets; however, their self-perceived wellbeing counterintuitively declined. The authors hypothesised that locally frustrated beneficiary expectations vis-a-vis the ambitiously designed PES-cum-ICDP intervention help explain this surprising finding. They finalised with some recommendations for watershed incentives and policy mix design in Moyobamba and beyond.
Full reference:
Montoya-Zumaeta, J., Rojas, E., & Wunder, S. 2019. Adding rewards to regulation: The impacts of watershed conservation on land cover and household wellbeing in Moyobamba, Peru. PloS one, 14(11). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225367