Abstract Europe's forest provide multiple ecosystem services for societies, ranging from provisioning (e.g. wood) and regulating (e.g. climate mitigation and biodiversity) to cultural (e.g. recreation
Ecosystem service research has been steadily growing and has gone beyond the scope of conceptual understanding and methodological approaches. Overall, less research has been devoted to how and to what
This study focuses on how we can effectively maintain and enhance forest biodiversity in Europe. It looks at what is at stake, the current external and internal threats to forest biodiversity and
